The main objective of this study is to study the rates of ontogenesis in urban residents of Eastern Europe (Lithuania, the Komi Republic, and Moscow), as well as in first-and second-generation migrants to Israel from European countries in comparison with the native population of the Middle East. The total number of people surveyed is 1,828. Variants of age-related changes in the shape or structure of the hand bones on radiographs were determined by the OSSEO method. As a result of the conducted research, the presence of a moderate level of adaptive discomfort was found, which is more pronounced in Ukhta oil workers and in the female population of Moscow. Accelerated hand bone aging was found in migrants in Kfar Saba compared to the autochthonous population of the Middle East. The results obtained by the osseographic method confirm the hypothesis about the presence of adaptive stress in modern urban and migrant populations.

Keywords: anthropoecology, rates of ontogenesis, age-related changes in hand bones, urban population, migrants.

Introduction

At the early stages of human history, especially during the development of the Ecumene, adaptive processes were dominated by climatic and geographical factors (Alekseeva, 1986). At the present stage, factors related to changes in the socio-economic living conditions of the population and anthropogenic transformation of the environment come to the fore [Alekseeva, 1987; Borinskaya, 2008; Mironov, 2010]. They are diverse and may not always be clearly delineated. The natural" natural " population model is an epochally stable rural population. In this environment, adaptive processes often occur without significant deformations, which are inherent in such communities as the population of megacities, isolates, and migrant groups. Therefore, it was quite natural that MSU anthropologists initially turned to rural populations to solve the primary problems of modern human ecology. To date, more than 70 rural ethno-territorial groups in various landscape and geographical regions have been studied - more than 19 thousand people of both sexes aged from 3 to 100 years.

Assessment of adaptive processes in human populations due to a variety of environmental factors-

This work was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project N 12 - 06 - 98013-r-sibir-a.

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This procedure can be performed in complex morphofunctional studies. Developed over many years, the anthropoecological program includes the study of the structure and composition of the body, the characteristics of metabolism, physiological and biochemical parameters of blood, genetic factors, demographic structure of the population, etc. Taking into account and using data from other programs, we pay special attention to studying the rate of ontogenesis, all stages of which are informative in terms of adaptation. It is in the process of ontogenesis that adaptive morphophysiological features are formed, manifested and implemented. The object of analysis in this paper is structural age-related changes in the hand bones, which are identified and recorded both during growth and maturation, and at later stages of ontogenesis [Rokhlin, 1936]. Effective in assessing the adaptive state of the adult population was the use of the OSSEO method developed by the authors [Pavlovsky, 1987; Pavlovsky, Maksinev, and Batsevich, 1998; Batsevich et al., 1998; Kobyliansky, Livshits, and Pavlovsky, 1995].

We have previously shown (Batsevich et al., 2009; Kalichman et al., 2011) that populations with low adaptive intensity lack disharmony of growth processes, maturation and aging are slower, and age-related pathologies are rare. This category includes groups with historically stable structure, type of economy, and cultural traditions (the rural population of Buryatia, Tuva, Yakutia, and Mongolia, a number of groups in Central Asia, and long-lived villages in Transcaucasia before the period of interethnic conflicts in recent years). Adaptive processes are more intense in some populations of the northern and north-eastern regions, in migrants of different generations. The main factors that activate these processes are major changes in the population structure, traditions, economic and cultural structure, conflict situations, migration, and partly anthropogenic changes in the natural environment. The influence of climatogeographic parameters, provided that this group exists for a sufficiently long time, is much weaker [Batsevich, Deryabin, and Pavlovsky, 1999]. It is known from literature sources that the level of stress in an urbanized environment is usually higher than in any stable rural ecological niche [Urboekologiya, 1990; Vronsky, 2003; Urbanized Environment..., 2004]. Migrants from other climatogeographic regions experience a double stress load, acclimating to new environmental factors and getting used to a new social environment [Dubova, 2012]. For example, demographic data showing a lower age of death compared to the local population in a number of regions of Germany and Italy may indicate maladaptation of migrants [Luy and Caselli, 2008]. Our previous studies have shown that in migrant groups, even after six to eight generations, the rate of hand bone aging is higher than in native populations [Antropoekologiya..., 2005].

One of the main objectives of our work is to expand the ecological spectrum of the studied groups by introducing data on the rate of ontogenesis in the urban population of Eastern Europe, first-and second-generation migrants to Israel, and natives of the Middle East into scientific circulation.

Material and methods

The material used was osseographic data on the urban population of Lithuania (Lithuanians and Russians), the Komi Republic (Russians), and the city of Moscow (Table 1). The initiator and organizer of these studies was S. A. Mezentsev, an employee of the Lithuanian State Sports Committee. Data on groups in Israel and the Bedouins of the three tribal groups in the Sinai Peninsula (tab. 1) collected by Professor E. D. Kobylyansky of Tel Aviv University and a number of other researchers under his supervision. In Israel, the materials were obtained at the Kfar Saba Hospital and the Tel Aviv Institute of Forensic Medicine. In the latter, X-rays of the hands of corpses were taken. The main cause of death for young subjects is accidents, and for older subjects-certain diseases. Materials on the Bedouins of the Sinai Peninsula were collected during an expedition in the period 1979-1982. Description of all X-ray images under the OSSEO program was carried out by O. M. Pavlovsky. Statistical processing according to the upgraded methodology and analysis of materials were performed by V. A. Batsevich and O. V. Yasina. The paper partially uses the results of previous studies involving the material under consideration (Pavlovsky, 1990; Goldbergidr., 1993).

To correctly compare the rates of age-related changes in groups with different age ranges, working samples were formed. They included subjects from the period of the first changes (variations of 21-27 years) and up to 60 years of age.

Based on numerous (about 15 thousand people in 70 ethnoterritorial groups) observations of age-related changes in the hand skeleton in the age range from 18 to 100 years, the Research Institute of Anthropology of Moscow State University, with our direct participation, selected markers (osteophytes, arthrosis, porosis, joint deformities), on the basis of which the total indicator is calculated

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Table 1. Ethnoterritorial and professional groups studied

Place of examination

Year

Characteristics of the surveyed groups

Palanga

1987

Employees of the Lithuanian State Sports Committee, physical culture doctors and the Walrus group. Lithuanians, Russians

Klaipeda

1988

Employees of the shipping company (floating crew). Lithuanians, Russians

Vilnius

1988

Employees of the Institute of Local Industry. Lithuanians, Russians

Ukhta

1988

Oil workers and their families. Russians

Syktyvkar

1989

Aviators and their families. Russians

Moscow

1991

Visitors to polyclinic No. 13 in Moscow. Russians

Kfar Saba Hospital

1990

Visitors and employees of the hospital. Israelis, migrants from different European countries

Sinai Peninsula (under Israeli control during construction)

1979 - 1982

The Bedouin are nomads of three tribal groups. Men

Tel Aviv (materials from the Institute of Forensic Espertiza)

1994

Jews, Arabs, Ethiopians-Jews

OSSEO. The calculation method is described in a number of works [Pavlovsky, 1987; Kobyliansky, Livshits, and Pavlovsky, 1995; Batsevich et al., 1998, 2009]. In this post, we will discuss only those details that are necessary for understanding the material.

Figure 1. General scheme of elements of age-related transformation of hand bones. 7-5-osteophytes: 1-apiostosis, 2-Eberden node, 3-Rokhlin node, 4-Bouchard node, 4.1-node in the main phalanges, 5-exostosis; 6-8-porosis: 6-osteoporosis, 7-focus of atrophy, 8-resorption islands; 9-sclerosis: sclerotic nuclei; 10, 11-non-traumatic joint deformities: 10-narrowing of the joint gap, 11-ulnar sharpening. For comparison, the fifth ray is shown without age-related changes.

Variants of changes in the shape or structure of the hand bones, evaluated on an individual radiograph according to the "presence-absence" principle, are shown in Fig. 1. The presence of all variants in one person (in one picture) is extremely rare, especially at the age of 70-75 years. The methodology provides for the assessment of four types of age-related changes.

1. Osteophytes. These include growths of the head of the distal phalanx-apiostoses, nodes of Rohlin, Eberden and Bouchard, exostoses at the places of attachment of tendons, a node at the base of the proximal phalanx in the area of the metacarpophalangeal joint.

2. Osteoporosis. This category includes general osteoporosis as a partial resorption of bone beams and the cortical layer of bone, as well as foci of local bone atrophy, which are most common in the parapiphyseal areas of bone.

3. Sclerosis. It is determined by the presence of zones of local internal conglomeration - sclerotic nuclei. Significant densification of internal bone structures ( enostoses), which were considered earlier and are more often found in the terminal phalanges, are excluded from the program. With additional studies on extensive material, this trait did not show progressive age dynamics.

4. Non-traumatic joint deformities. These include general narrowing of the articular fissure and ulnar sharpening (formation of an acute angle) of the head of the middle phalanx. The radial sharpening noted by D. G. Rokhlin (in the same area of the bone) is not included in the program of osseographic indicators due to its low severity in our material. However, this feature was used and received quantitative results.-

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Figure 2. Parameters in the OSSEO method and the group characteristics used (explanations in the text).

in the studies of B. A. Nikityuk and B. I. Kogan [Adaptatsiya..., 1989].

When analyzing these signs, only the presence of this element was taken into account, but not the degree of its severity, which made it possible to create a single picture of aging in the presence of sub-pathological conditions; pathologies (ankylosis, deep destructive changes in bones) were recorded separately. When assessing total osteoporosis, the "one bone - one score" principle was applied. For example, in one bone there is a general porosis, lacuna and resorption of the cortical layer. Since all these elements are related to the manifestations of porosis, the bone does not receive three aging points, but one. Finally, calcareous conglomerates in the area of the nodes of Aberdeen and Bouchard, which sometimes accompany the stages of their high development, but are usually absent in the early stages, were not taken into account. Thus, each detected element of age-related bone changes receives one point, and then for each individual these points are summed up.

Based on intra-group observations of changes in the shape and structure of the hand bones, an osseographic scheme of the dynamics of ontogenesis in the sample was created. Figure 2 shows such a scheme for the Abkhazian group as an example. It is essentially the same for all samples, but its parameters are mobile. Table 2 shows the values of OSSEO parameters calculated for 46 rural groups for comparison.

The main indicators of the dynamics of age-related changes in adults are the parameters of straight - line regression equations based on the following characteristics: chronological age-total score. The tangent of the slope of the regression line is defined as the "aging rate" and varies in the available 56 samples in the range of 0.084-0.816 [Batsevich et al., 2009]. An essential role in assessing the rhythm of ontogenesis at the stage of aging is also played by the age of the beginning of the first changes (empirical and theoretical, calculated by the regression equation), called " age A (A 0)"; "age B" is an empirical point on the age scale, after which all individuals in the study group have recorded signs of age-related changes at the age of an indicator of the duration of preservation of a young hand in a part of the sample after age A - "period A-B". We consider the low rate of aging, the late age periods A and B, and the long period A-B to be favorable for the population. Additional features included in the OSSEO program (maximum variance in points, age of maximum variance, etc.) were not determined in this study due to the features of the samples.

Mathematical data processing was performed using the Statistica 6.1 program.

Table 2. Values of OSSEO attributes based on data for 46 rural groups studied

Indicator

Men

Women

Min

Swing

M

Min

Swing

M

A 0

20,9

36,0

27,0

21,3

37,7

28,2

But

21,0

41,0

27,3

21,0

39,0

28,5

In

28,0

57,0

41,1

31,0

66,0

43,7

A-B

3,0

30,0

13,9

6,0

30,0

15,2

B*

0,148

0,816

0,360

0,084

0,784

0,366

* Coefficient in the linear regression equation that characterizes the rate of age-related changes in working samples.

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testing for sample uniformity in regression analysis was performed in the Kanoklass program (V. E. Deryabin, version 1995).

Results and discussion

The age dynamics of osseographic indicators in urban groups from different regions of the European part of the former USSR is presented in Table. 3. Due to the conditions of collection of the material under consideration, points A, B and period A-B are indicative in this case. However, as a trend in almost all the samples presented, we found early dates for the onset of the first age-related changes (age A) and age B. Accordingly, the A-B period is also very short, which is generally found in rural groups with increased environmental stress. In the male population of Ukhta and the female population of Syktyvkar, this period reaches an intergroup minimum.

The rates of hand bone aging, defined as the tangent of the slope angle of age-related regression lines in the studied urban samples, on an intergroup scale, according to the data calculated for rural groups, have close to the average level or slightly increased values (from 0.350 to 0.438; Table 3, Fig. 3, 4). The highest rates of accumulation of age-related regression lines in the studied urban samples are changes in both sexes were observed in Ukhta oil workers, and steadily reduced changes in Klaipeda residents. High rates of aging were recorded in the female population of Moscow, which is second only to the women of Ukhta in this respect.

It should be noted that the values of aging rates are similar in all the urban groups studied, despite significant differences in the climatic and geographical characteristics of the survey areas, belonging to different ethnic groups, and professional specifics. Statistical testing for the uniformity of samples by the rate of age-related changes in the hand bones revealed significant differences between the population of Ukhta and Syktyvkar, Klaipeda in men, Ukhta and Vilnius in women (p < 0.05). A comparison of the results obtained with data on the rural population of the European part of Russia (Batsevich et al., 2009) shows that they fully fit into their range of variability, but are shifted towards higher values. Therefore, the a priori acceptable statement about the inevitably high rates of hand bone aging in the ecological conditions of a city with an increased stress load on the actual material available to us does not find explicit confirmation.

Table 3. Main group characteristics of OSSEO urban ethno-territorial groups in the former USSR

Ethno-territorial groups

n1

Age, min-max

Ao

But

In

A-B

but1

b1

n2

but2

b2

Men

Palanga

46

19 - 84

23,9

-

-

-

-9,04

0,378

33

-10,26

0,407

Klaipeda

254

18 - 69

23,9

22

31

9

-8,35

0,355

235

-8,59

0,360

Vilnius

58

19 - 63

24,9

26

38

12

-9,66

0,388

54

-11,14

0,420

Ukhta

105

18 - 63

22,8

24

27

3

-9,67

0,425

100

-9,58

0,420

Syktyvkar

33

19 - 61

24,2

27

34

7

-8,67

0,358

30

-8,52

0,350

Women

Palanga

58

24 - 74

28,5

-

-

-

-12,61

0,443

44

-10,72

0,395

Klaipeda

210

20 - 62

26,5

26

35

9

-9,14

0,351

197

-9,53

0,359

Vilnius

121

24 - 56

27,1

26

32

6

-10,13

0,374

118

-9,43

0,353

Ukhta

274

19 - 60

24,3

25

33

8

-10,36

0,423

264

-10,85

0,438

Syktyvkar

31

24 - 57

27,9

29

32

3

-13,46

0,483

28

-10,85

0,408

Moscow

116

18 - 69

26,9

24

30

6

-11,5

0,427

108

-11,66

0,427

Notes: n 1 - the total number of people surveyed in the study group; n2 - the number of the working sample-from the point of observed first age changes to the age of 60 years; a - the free term of the rectilinear regression equation in the general (a1) and working (a2) samples; b -the coefficient in the rectilinear regression equation, describing the rate of age-related changes in the general () and working () samples. The remaining designations are given in the text of the article.

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3. Rates of age-related changes in hand bones in the male urban population, a-Palanga; b - Klaipeda; c - Vilnius; d - Ukhta; d-Syktyvkar.

4. Rates of age-related changes in hand bones in the female urban population, a-Palanga; b - Klaipeda; c - Vilnius; d - Ukhta; d - Syktyvkar; e-Moscow.

Sex differences in the complex of osseomorphic traits in the studied urban groups are also small. The most pronounced differentiation in the rate of aging among men and women in Vilnius and Syktyvkar. In the first case, the rate of age-related changes is higher in men, in the second-in women (Table 3). Statistically, the difference is confirmed only for the population of Vilnius (p < 0.05).

Earlier, O. M. Pavlovsky (1990) conducted a comparative study of the dynamics of post-definitive ontogenesis in the Lithuanian and Russian populations of Lithuanian cities. This paper shows that there is practically no ethnic differentiation. No significant differences were found in intra-group comparisons by professional composition.

As noted above, the studied urban samples are characterized by medium to moderately high rates of ontogenesis, which are characteristic of the majority of the Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian) rural population of the European part of the former USSR. At the same time, comparison with the ecologically stable rural population (long-lived villages of the Caucasus, the area with increased life expectancy in Belarus, Mongolia, etc.) reveals a noticeable activation (intensity) of adaptation processes in the studied urban groups (Batsevich et al., 2006).

We have included unique materials from the territory of Israel and the Sinai Peninsula in the range of analyzed samples. Studies among the Sinai Bedouins (now the territory of Egypt) and Israelis (Jews, Ethiopian Jews and Arabs) were conducted in the 70s-90s of the last century.

The age dynamics of osseographic indicators in Middle Eastern ethnic groups is presented in Table 4. The Arab female sample is excluded from the analysis due to its small size, but given the difficulties of collecting such materials from women in this region, we have shown the results obtained as a guide.

The surveyed sample of Israelis from Kfar Saba is represented by a migrant population of the first and second generation, mainly from European countries. Comparison of the age regression pattern for each gender, and especially for men in the region under discussion, shows a relatively high rate of age-related changes in this sample (Figures 5, 6). We should also note the shortened period A-B, which is typical for the migrant groups studied earlier (Batsevich et al., 2009).

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See Table 4. Main group characteristics of OSSEO Middle Eastern ethno-territorial groups*

Ethno-territorial groups

n1

Age, min-max

Ao

But

In

A-B

a1

b1

n2

but2

b2

Men

Israelis, Kfar Saba

40

18 - 88

26,0

26

32

6

-12,07

0,465

26

-13,75

0,497

Jews

147

17 - 93

25,5

24

39

15

-8,45

0,332

64

-4,61

0,205

The Arabs

43

17 - 76

20,1

20

29

9

-4,09

0,203

34

-4,81

0,225

Jewish Ethiopians

22

20 - 73

25,3

20

35

15

-6,97

0,275

16

-7,57

0,282

Bedouins

96

17 - 70

20,9

23

33

10

-5,38

0,258

56

-4,53

0,215

Women

Israeli women, Kfar Saba

45

25 - 86

27,0

25

34

9

-12,64

0,468

22

-10,65

0,410

Jewish women

115

20 - 95

29,5

27

39

12

-12,15

0,412

36

-9,33

0,328

Arab women

14

17 - 72

20,1

22

32

10

-4,78

0,239

7

-2,82

0,161

* See note. go to Table 3.

5. Rates of age-related changes in hand bones in the male population of Israel and the Sinai Peninsula in comparison with that of Crimea, a-Bedouins; b-Arabs; c-Israelis, Kfar Saba; d - Jews; e - migrants, Crimea; e - Ethiopians-Jews.

The detected accelerated aging of the hand bones indicates an increased intensity of adaptive processes in the examined part of the Israeli population (Batsevich et al., 2006). This is indicated not only by the results of this study, but also by the literature data on changes in biological characteristics in Israelis. In particular, in the second half of the 20th century in Israel, the age of menarche continued to decrease among girls whose parents were from Western (Europe and America), Eastern (Asia) and African countries (Chodick et al., 2005). At the same time, there were significant changes in the total body size of men [Purunjan, Borovsky, Belkin, 2008; Purunjan, Borovsky, 2009]. These facts confirm the presence of acceleration processes among the migrant population, changes in its morphological and physiological parameters, and, consequently, anthropoecological instability.

The logic of this study suggests comparing the osseographic data of the Kfar Saba group not so much with the urban population of Eastern Europe, but with the so-called new population, whose genesis in time correlates with the formation of the modern Israeli community (the last 60 years). We are referring to the available data on the Russian-Ukrainian population of the steppe Crimea (Pavlovsky, 1987). In addition, it is possible to compare the complex of indicators studied among the " new " Israelis with those of a number of groups of the autochthonous population of the territory under consideration-Jews , Arabs, Bedouins, and Jewish Ethiopians. A comparison of the data obtained for residents of Kfar Saba and newcomers in the steppe regions of Crimea shows their close similarity, which is confirmed by statistical comparison of the results of regression analysis (see Figures 5, 6). Earlier in our work, we noted an increased rate of ontogenesis in the mixed Crimean population compared to the population of other regions.

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6. Rates of age-related changes in hand bones in the female population of Israel in comparison with those in Crimea, a -Arabs; b-Jews; c - Israelis, Kfar Saba; d-migrants, Crimea. with other rural groups in the European part of the former USSR (Batsevich et al., 2006).

Jewish women are characterized by relatively late onset of the first age-related changes, a shortened period A-B, and an average rate of aging (see Figure 6). The latter, as mentioned above, is most typical for urban populations. The Jews, Arabs, and other ethnic groups studied in Israel, whose data were obtained from a forensic medical institution, as well as the Bedouins of the Sinai Peninsula, recorded early onset of the first age-related changes, a relatively shortened cumulative period (A-B), but at the same time they have a very low rate of age-related changes (see Figure 5). The latter allows us to characterize them as populations that do not experience noticeable adaptive stress. At the same time, the autochthonous population shows an unquestionable unity of the rhythm of ontogenesis, regardless of the living conditions: the patriarchal nomadic life of the Bedouins and the modern way of life of the Arabs in Israel do not in any way affect the nature of their age dynamics (taking into account the preservation of the historically established way of life for both of them). The results obtained are similar to the data of long-lived populations of the Caucasus and representatives of some other ethnic groups leading a traditional way of life (the Khalkhas population of Mongolia, Karakalpaks, Yakuts, Tuvans-Todzhins, etc.).

Conclusions

The results of studying the rates of age-related changes in hand bones in urban populations of Lithuania, the Komi Republic, and Moscow allow us to draw the following conclusions. The presence of moderate and moderate levels of adaptive discomfort was found, which is more pronounced in the urban population of Ukhta and the female population of Moscow. The values of the hand skeleton aging rate in all the studied urban groups are similar, despite significant differences in the climatic and geographical characteristics of the survey areas, belonging to different ethnic groups, and professional specifics. There was no pronounced differentiation between the rates of ontogenesis in the rural and urban populations of the European part of the former USSR, although the range of variability of intergroup osseographic indicators is narrower for urban residents. The migrant group of Kfar Saba (Israel) was found to have an increased intensity of adaptive processes in comparison with the autochthonous population of the Middle East, which manifests itself in accelerated aging of the hand bones. According to the OSSEO indicators, this group is close to both the rural newcomers of the steppe Crimea and the urban population surveyed. The results obtained by the osseographic method confirm the hypothesis about the presence of adaptive stress in modern urban and migrant populations.

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