Preliminary results of the study

The article presents data on six previously unknown sites of the Late Neolithic - early Eneolithic, discovered in the western part of the Jordan Valley and the desert regions of Samaria during research on the hills of Manasseh. According to the collected materials, the Yarmuk culture and the Jericho IX culture of the early stages of the Ceramic Neolithic are almost completely absent in the study area. Changes in the number of sites during the Late Neolithic - Early Eneolithic periods (Wadi Raba culture) are traced./Jericho VIII). Five new sites are included in the list of already known monuments of these periods in the Southern Levant. New materials will help fill in some gaps in the understanding of the history of this region in the VII-VI millennium BC.

Key words: Late Neolithic, Early Eneolithic, Jordan Valley.

Introduction

Six new Late Neolithic and Late Neolithic - Early Eneolithic sites were discovered in the southern Jordan Valley and desert regions of Samaria (Zertal, 2005; 2008; Finkelstein, Lederman, and Bunimovitz, 1997). One of them belongs to the Yarmouk culture of the Neolithic period, the rest - to the culture of Wadi Raba/Jericho VIII*. The article analyzes the results of the study of some Late Neolithic and Early Neolithic sites in the context of the history of settlement of this area.

Area under study

The Jordan Valley is located in the central part of the Rift Valley, which extends from the Hula River basin in the north to the Red Sea in the south. The article discusses the materials of the southern zone of the Jordan Valley and the desert regions of Samaria, located between the slopes of the Samaria hills and the Jordan River on the west-east line and between Wadi Malih and Wadi Uja (north of Jericho) on the north-south line. This area covers an area of approximately 50 km long, 15 km wide, with an area of approx. 1, 2). Topographically, it is characterized by moderately steep and steep slopes of the Samaria Mountains in the west and the Jordan Valley plateau in the east. The area is crossed by five wadis (Malih, Fara, Ahmar, Fazael and Uja) that flow into the Jordan. Non-drying water sources - Jordan and Wadi (today their water is used mainly for agricultural purposes).

* The article covers the following cultures: Yarmukskaya of the Ceramic Neolithic period (calibrated date ~6 600/6 400 - 5 800/5 750 years BC), Jericho IX/Lodi (~6 000/5 850 - 5 650/5 450 BCE) of the Ceramic Neolithic period, Wadi Raba of the Ceramic Neolithic/Early Eneolithic period (~5 800/5 700 - 5 300/5 200 years BC).

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Fig. 1. Map-diagram of the territory under study.

The modern climate is dry, hot, with high summer temperatures (an average of 38 °C). The average annual precipitation is less than 200 mm (Gat and Karni, 1995). It is established that the climate here was wetter during the Late Neolithic period than at present (see, for example, Frumkin et al., 1991, 1994; Sanlaville, 1997). Most of the studied area is located in the Iran-Turan vegetation zone (Zohary, 1962); the flora consists mainly of annual garriga (a formation of sparse low-growing evergreen shrubs). Trees are extremely rare. The only tall shrub is ziziphus, or jujuba (Ziziphus spina-christi).

Research history

Research in the southern Jordan Valley began in the mid-twentieth century (Glueck, 1951; Bar-Adon, 1972). The works were resumed in the 80s of the last century. They are now being continued as part of a project to study the Manasseh highlands [Zertal, 2005, 2008]. The desert regions of Samaria are only partially studied (Gophna and Porath, 1972; Finkelstein, Lederman, and Bunimovitz, 1997).

Prior to the beginning of our research, Yarmuk sites were not recorded in this area, but it was known that the materials of this culture are represented on monuments of the Tel Fara-Tsafon type (Miroschedji, 1993; Vaux, de, Steve, 1947, p. 4-7). The Yarmuk site of Hamadiya (Kaplan, 1993) and two of the most excavated sites of the Yarmuk culture of the ceramic Neolithic Munkha-

2. Map-layout of Late Neolithic and Eneolithic sites (white marks the research area).

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ta (Garfinkel, 1992; Gopher and Orrelle, 1995; Perrot, 1964, 1966, 1968) and Shaar ha-Galon (Garfinkel and Miller, 2002) are found to the north of the area under consideration.

The Yarmouk culture includes the sites of Wadi Shueb (Simmons et al., 1989), Jabel Abu Tawab (Kafafi, 1988; Obeidat, 1995), and Ein Razal (Rollefson and Simmons, 1986; Kafafi, 1990; Rollefson, Simmons, Kafafi, 1992) located east of the Jordan River, on the Jordan Plateau. Materials from the Jericho IX culture were recorded only in Jericho (Kenyon and Holland, 1982, 1983) and Grube (Mellaart, 1956), south of the study area.

Sites either attributed to the Wadi Raba culture, included in the Wadi Raba variant category (Gopher and Gophna, 1993), or assigned to the Early/Middle Eneolithic (Garfinkel, 1999) were discovered and studied in the Jordan Valley. These monuments include the Farazafon Canal (Vaux, de, Steve, 1947, p. 4-7; Miroschedji, 1993), the Basek Canal and the Eliyahu Canal (Sadeh and Gophna, 1991), the Zaf Canal (Garfinkel et al., 2007; Gophna and Sadeh, 1988/1989), and Beit Shaan [Braun, 2004, 2008; Garfinkel, 1999], Tel Ali [Garfinkel, 1993, 1994], Jericho [Kenyon and Holland, 1982, 1983], Tel el-Mafjar [Leonard, 1992; Garfinkel, 1997], and others [Tzori, 1958].

Late Neolithic, Early and Middle Neolithic materials are recorded from sites located east of the Jordan River: Gruba (Mellaart, 1956), Pella (McNicoll, Smith, and Hennessy, 1982; McNicoll et al., 1992), Abu Hamid (Kafafi and Dollfus, 1997; Lovell, Dollfus, and Kafafi, 2004, 2007), Tulaylat el-Rassoul [Lovell, 2001], Kataret es-Samra [Leonard, 1989; Garfinkel, 1999], Thel es-Saidieh Takhton [Contenson, de, 1960; Garfinkel, 1999], Thel Abu Habil [Leonard, 1992; Garfinkel, 1999], Thel es-Shuna [Gustavson- Gaube, 1985, 1986] and Tabaqat el-Bouma (Banning et al., 1992).

Recently discovered Late Neolithic and Early Eneolithic sites

Zbeidat (32°10'01.90" N, 31°35'14.29" E). It is located in the 25-meter Abu Zinei cave, which is located near the terraced slope and rock shelter, under the rocky mountain slope, south-west of the village of Zbeidat (Fig. 3, 4), about 3 km from a permanent water source (Jordan River). Scattered ceramic fragments found on the terrace below the cave indicate the presence of humans here for several periods (Zertal, 2005, p. 228; Bar, 2008). A remarkable piece of pottery with a typical Yarmuk ornament "herringbone", made with notches (Figs. 5, 14). Neolithic finds include a spherical handle with a hole (Figs. 5, 12), ceramic fragments, various flint tools, nuclei, and industrial waste.

El-Mas'udi (32°09 '06.39" N, 29°35 '65.40" E) is located on the slope of a hilltop in the southeastern part of the Ras El mountain range-

3. Plan of the Zbeidat cave and terrace (black lines indicate the walls belonging to the Post-Neolithic periods) (according to Zertal, 2005).

4. Entrance to the Zbeidat cave and terrace.

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5. Ceramics of the Late Neolithic and Wadi Raba cultures. The southern part of the Jordan Valley and the desert areas of Samaria. 1-5 - pitchers with a bent corolla; 6, 7 - vessels with a funnel-shaped neck; 8-craters; 9, 10-bottoms with a mat impression; 11, 12-handles with holes; 13, 14 - fragments of the body of the vessel with notches. 1 - Wadi Ahmar; 2, 10-Iraq al-Awarna; 3, 4, 7 - 9, 11 - Uja Yuzhnaya; 5, 6, 13-Ein-Uja-1; 12, 14-Zbeidat.

Fig. 6. Plan of El-Masoudi (walls are marked in black) (according to [Zertal, 2008]).

7. Flint segments of El-Masudi sickles of the Wadi Raba culture (according to [Winter, 2008]).

Haruba, rising to the north of Wadi Farah. A partially preserved fence made of massive flagstone was found (Figure 6). The parking lot, which covers an area of 500 m2 (110 m below sea level), is located approximately 500 m from the northern bank of the permanent Wadi Fara watercourse. Scattered fragments of pottery and flint tools were found throughout the enclosed area (Zertal, 2008, p. 638). The flint collection includes four crescent-shaped segments of the Wadi Raba culture (Figure 7).

Wadi Ahmar Terrace (32°07 '36.21" N, 22°35 '75.54" E). The parking lot is located on the Wadi Ahmar terrace (Finkelstein, Lederman, Bunimovitz, 1997; Bar, 2008). It is located above all others (200 m above sea level), its area is 2 thousand m2. The nearest known water source is located 1.2 km northwest, in Ein Juheir.

Among the finds - ceramic products, including two jugs with a bent corolla. There are also bowls, funnel-necked vessels, wide-necked amphorae, and craters. Some fragments of the vessels ' torsos have cord ornaments (see Figs. 5, 1). Flat bottoms and spherical handles of vessels were also found.

Ein A'ujjeh 1 (31°57'18.70" N, 23°35'49.29" E). It is located on a non-steep slope that descends from the north to the permanent Wadi Uja watercourse, east of Ein Uja (0 m above sea level). The area is approximately 15 thousand m2. Traces of the presence of a person of the Eneolithic era were found in the parking lot,

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early Bronze and Iron Ages, as well as the Roman-Byzantine period and the Middle Ages. A natural drain formed by winter rains is embedded in sedimentary rocks. Within it, about 1.2 m below the surface, is a clearly recorded habitat level containing a large amount of pottery from the Wadi Raba culture. The finds collected on the surface are mostly of the Early Bronze Age or later period, but in the section they are mostly Late Neolithic / Early Neolithic items: vessels with a funnel-shaped neck, with a narrow red stripe on the inner and outer surfaces of the corolla (see Figures 5, 6), jugs with a bent corolla, also with a narrow red stripe on the inner and outer surfaces of the 5, 5), bowls, one with a red stripe, and a crater. Some of the discovered ceramic fragments were decorated with a red stripe, others with notches (see Figs. 5, 13). Several spherical handles of vessels, handles in the form of tongues and protrusions, as well as fragments of the bottoms of vessels were found, one of which was stamped with a mat.

Iraq el-Awarna (31°57 '12.08" N, 23°35 '48.56" E). It is a collection of scattered ceramic fragments on the slope of Wadi Uja (10 m below sea level), 3 km from the village. Itav. The study site is bounded on the east by a deep moat, on the west by a cliff, and covers an area of approx. 15 thousand m2. Late Neolithic and Early Neolithic finds include vessels with a funnel-shaped neck, a jug with a curved corolla (see Figures 5, 2), bowls with a mat impression on the base (see Figures 5, 10), and fragments with notches.

Uja South (A'ujjeh South) (31°56 '19.90" N, 28°35 '46.19" E). It is located on the northern bank of Wadi Uja (Fig. 8), to the south of d. Ujah and east of the modern highway connecting Beit shaan and Jericho. This locality, also known as Al-Sheikh Ibrahim, Khirbet el-Ayash, or Khirbet el Aja Takhton, was noted by a number of researchers as Eneolithic (Bar-Adon, 1972; Glueck, 1951). The property area is approx. 5 thousand m2 (245 m below sea level). It is crossed by five small valleys coming out of Wadi Uja. Most of the early finds were found there. Late Neolithic and Early Neolithic pottery samples include bowls, craters (see Figures 5, 8), pitchers with a curved corolla (see Figures 5, 3, 4), and vessels with a funnel-shaped neck (see Figures 5, 7), two of which have a red stripe near the corolla. The rest of the finds are numerous ceramic fragments with a narrow band of red color, a bottom (see Figs. 5, 9), some have an impression of a mat, handles of vessels in the form of tongues, protrusions and holes (see Figs. 5, 11).

Discussion and conclusions

It is possible to understand the archaeological situation of the VII-VI millennium BC (calibrated dates) in the southern part of the Jordan Valley and the peripheral desert areas of Samaria if the information base is expanded. This work introduces the materials of six new monuments, which complement a number of well-known synchronous sites on the outskirts of the specified area.

Yarmouk sites are widespread in the Southern Levant from Byblos in Lebanon to Rehov ha-Bashan in Tel Aviv on the Israeli coastal plain; the eastern border of their range extends to the Jordan Upland (Ein Ghazal). Materials of Sha'ar ha-Golan monuments [Ben-Shlomo and Garfinkel, 2009; Garfinkel and Ben-Shlomo, 2002; Garfinkel and Miller, 2002], Hamadiyah [Kaplan, 1993], and Munhata [Garfinkel, 1992; Gopher, 1989; Gopher and Orrelle, 1995; Perrot, 1964, 1966, 1968], as well as Ein Rahub [Muheisen et al., 1988], Pella [Smith and Hennessy, 1982; McNicoll et al., 1992], Jabel Abu Tawab [Kafafi, 1988], Ein Ghazal [Kafafi, 1990; Rollefson, Simmons, 1986; Rollefson, Simmons, Kafafi, 1992], Wadi Shueb (Simmons et al., 1989), and possibly Tel esSaidie (Glueck, 1951, Pl. 149, 9, 10) are important for interpreting this culture. Such sites of the Yarmouk culture as Wadi Murabat in the Judean Desert (Vaux, de, 1953), Tel Fara-Tzafon (Vaux, de, Steve, 1947, Fig. 1, 34), and Nahal Kanna on the western slopes of the Samarian Mountains (Gopher, 1996) support the assumption that Yarmouk settlements were widespread even in the Middle East. mountain areas.

Fig. 8. General view of the South Uja parking lot.

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Yarmouk sites are almost nonexistent in the Jordan Valley south of Hamadiyah. Zbeidat is the only Yarmouk cultural monument located in the southern part of the Jordan Valley. Thus, the difference between the study area and the areas lying to the north up to the Sea of Galilee is obvious. The Zbeidat locality consists of uplift material from alluvial deposits, so it should be interpreted with caution. Given this circumstance, we can say that in the study area and on its outskirts there are practically no Yarmuk monuments. The findings associated with the Jericho layer IX / stage of Ceramic Neolithic A (PNA) (Ben-Dor, 1936; Kenyon and Holland, 1982, 1983), as well as those noted in Grube (Garfinkel, 1999), were not recorded in the data and other studies conducted in the Jordan Valley from the Galilee to the Dead Sea seas [Garfinkel, 1999, Fig. 6; Gopher, Gophna, 1993].

The question of why there is no evidence of Yarmouk culture in the southern Jordan Valley and the desert areas of Samaria is beyond the scope of this article. It should be recognized that in the area of the Jordan Valley under discussion, there were large settlements in the Neolithic period: Sha'ar ha-Golan and Munhata in the north (Yarmuk), and Jericho (Jericho IX) in the south. Probably, these settlements were of great importance for the population of neighboring territories; based on the available data, it is difficult to assume how large the zone of their influence was.

The question of whether the Wadi Raba culture belongs to the Late Neolithic or Early Neolithic period, as well as to the time of transition from Neolithic ceramics to Beersheba - Rassul ceramics, the late Eneolithic period, is still open [Banning, 2002, 2007; Braun, 2008; Garfinkel, 1999, 2009; Gilead, 2009; Gopher and Gophna, 1993]. Settlements belonging to this period or periods are widely represented in the Southern Levant.

It is obvious that the large area between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea contains important settlements and sites of ancient man, which can be attributed to the time corresponding to the cultures of the early Wadi Raba - Beersheba-Rassul. Localities such as Tel Ali, Munhata, Tel Zaf, Sde Eliyahu, Tel Abu Habil, Abu Hamid, Tabaqat el-Buma, Jericho, and others formed a vast corridor that connected the population of adjacent territories during the study period.

A number of the above-mentioned sites, especially Late Neolithic/Early Neolithic sites, can be supplemented with new monuments thanks to our research. Along with the well-known relatively large sites, there were also small sites, which suggests a certain hierarchy of settlements. Moreover, in the Late Neolithic/Early Neolithic period, Jericho-Uja may have been an agglomerate.

It should be pointed out that although archaeological surveys do not always reveal chronological differences for a number of reasons, the material accumulated during long-term projects in the Manasseh hills can help reconstruct the rural landscape that once existed there. We have not set out to provide any complete picture of the settlement of people in the southern Jordan Valley and the desert areas on the borders of Samaria. We only wanted to fill in some gaps in our knowledge of the Late Neolithic and Early Neolithic periods of the area.

Gratitude

We thank A. Zertal and the participants of the Manasseh Highlands Project for providing published and unpublished materials. We would like to thank J. Garfinkel and N. Getzow for their comments on some of the ceramic samples, D. Kaufman for their help in preparing this manuscript, and S. Haad for his help in preparing the illustrations.

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The article was submitted to the Editorial Board on 20.01.10.

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